healthier, happier and richer

Total national greenhouse gas emissions as a percentage of global total, 2004 figures

< 1%

Historical contribution – 1850 to 2000

< 1%

Change in annual greenhouse gas emissions – 1990 to 2006

+ 95%

2005 per capita annual greenhouse gas emissions

5.5 tonnes

Energy used per unit of GDP (compared to USA)

75%

Balance of energy sources, 2006

	%
Oil	33
Coal	28
Gas	27.5
Renewables	7
Hydro	4

Energy security

Turkey imports about 20% of the coal used. It does not produce significant amounts of oil or gas.

“Turkey’s gas consumption is expected (in its own estimation) to double in the coming 15 years (though the recession might change that heady forecast). Turkey has secured its gas supplies until about 2015; afterwards contracts should be extended and new contracts concluded in order to cover the supply gap due to the increased demand. A further handicap to the Turkish gas system is the very limited amount of storage and thus the lack of seasonal balancing. Suppliers outside of Turkey have flexibility that Turkey needs.”

(See Europa: Activity Report September 2007 – February 2009.)

Electricity generated, 2006

	%
Gas	46
Coal	26.5
Hydro	25
Oil	2.5
Wind*	0.55
Geothermal	0.05

* Wind capacity has increased five-fold since 2006 – see below.

Installed wind capacity

2006               65Mw

2008               338.5Mw

Electricity – supply and demand

“The electricity industry is a large, high-growth sector in the Turkish economy.  The industry contributes significantly to the country’s GDP and is a USD 12 billion industry at current end-user prices. The sector’s share in the Turkish economy has been growing rapidly, given the 8% per annum growth in electricity demand over the past two decades. This rate of demand growth has been higher than the growth rates seen in other major Turkish industries and outstrips growth in the Turkish economy overall. …The industrials customer group represent approximately 50% of the total demand, while residential customers consume slightly less than a quarter of the total. Commercials customer group, excluding public institutions, is placed third in terms of consumption with a 13% share. Distribution losses of the system, which amounted to 19.8 billion kWh in 2004, are high compared to international benchmarks. Accordingly, one of the primary objectives of the electricity sector reform has been defined as reducing the loss/theft ratio to OECD levels.”

(See Teaser: Privatization of Turkey’s Electicity Distribution Industry.)

Fuels used for heat, 2006

	%
Gas	97
Coal	1.5
Oil	1.5

Percentage of agriculture certified as organic

0.26%

Cars per thousand of population

67